From Instructional Technology and Media for Learning by Smaldino, Russell, Heinich, and Molenda (2005)
Methods can be defined as the procedures of instruction selected to help learners achieve the objectives or to internalize the content or message. Student-directed methods are methods in which the students take a major role and they control and direct. Teacher-directed methods are methods in which the teachers assume the major role and are in control.
Student-Directed Methods
There are six main types of student-directed methods. These include discussion, cooperative learning, gaming, simulation, discovery, and problem solving. Discussion is simply the exchanging of ideas in small or large groups. Cooperative learning involves students working collaboratively to solve a problem. There is some controversy involving cooperative learning, because some believe that instead of boosting self-esteem it actually lowers it. The author of the following blog believes this: Social Pressure, Self-Esteem, and Cooperative Learning. Gaming allows learners to solve a problem while following rules in a “playful” atmosphere. Simulation is simply a practice of a real situation. Discovery is the solving of problems through trial and error. Problem solving includes the students taking on the role of someone else and trying to solve that person’s problem. Teachers may struggle with implementing certain student-directed methods, however, the following article shows how a science teacher may begin to apply these methods.
Teacher-Directed Methods
There are four main types of teacher-directed methods. These include presentation, demonstration, drill-and-practice, and tutorial. Presentation is a method in which a source gives information to the learner through lecture, drama, or some other form of communication. In a demonstration, the learners view a real example of a skill or procedure that they are supposed to learn. In drill-and-practice, the teacher leads students through practice exercises so that they may learn facts. Tutorials teach the student new information through many different ways until the learner is competent.
The following is a video that shows a teacher using many different interactive methods to get her message accross.
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